In the second half of the 20th century the Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) was extinct in the wild and only few specimens were kept in zoos, but collaboration of like minded individuals, organizations and zoological institutions lead to a healthy population, which in the 21st century is demographically stable. Reintroduction projects prove that Przewalski’s horses are even capable of self sustaining reproduction under natural conditions.

The Przewalski’s horse sets an example to the conservation of those wild species that would have become extinct without the engagement of zoological institutions (see breeding programme). The present population of more than 1500 individuals, registered in the international studbook, is based on 12 founders. Although the Przewalski’s horse experienced two genetic bottle-necks and lived under zoo conditions for generations, it is capable of adjusting to free-ranging conditions.

Today a variety of projects are carried out to reintroduce Przewalski’s horses into the wild. But reintroduction can be successful only if it is combined with biotope preservation and socio-economic aspects are considered.

Efficient nature conservation must be supported by scientific research and education in collaboration with universities. Newly gained findings in the biology of the Przewalski’s horse and other species are essential for the success of conservation activities. Results of field studies or those carried out in zoological institutions are published and introduced on international meetings or symposia.

The success during the last decades would have not been achieved without scientific studies and international cooperation. But the history of the Przewalski’s horse also demonstrates the difficulties of reintegrating an extinct species into the wild. This last representative of the wild horse should remind us to take precautions in securing the future of threatened species, before it is too late.